Saffron: The secrets behind color, fragrance and health – Chemical composition

Saffron is considered the most expensive spice in the world – but why? The answer lies in its unique chemical composition. In this article, you'll learn which chemical compounds give saffron its extraordinary properties, how they support our health – and how to identify high-quality saffron.
1. Crocin – The golden color of saffron
Crocin is a water-soluble carotenoid and is primarily responsible for saffron's bright yellow color. When soaked in water, the color develops particularly intensely—a sign of quality!
Scientific facts:
- Consists of crocetin esterified with gentiobiose.
- Can make up to 10% of the dry matter of saffron.
- Has strong antioxidant properties.
- Studies show: neuroprotective, mood-enhancing and anti-inflammatory.
Health benefits:
Crocin can protect the brain, combat depression, and reduce oxidative stress.
2. Safranal – The intense fragrance
The characteristic smell of saffron comes from safranal, a volatile oil that is produced from picrocrocin during the drying process.
Scientific facts:
- Belongs to the group of monoterpene aldehydes.
- Makes up to 70% of volatile compounds.
- Has a calming and neuroprotective effect.
Effect in the body:
Safranal reduces anxiety, protects nerve cells and has antioxidant properties.
3. Picrocrocin – The bitter taste
Picrocrocin is responsible for saffron's slightly bitter taste. When dried, this bitter substance transforms into the fragrant safranal.
Scientific facts:
- A monoterpene glycoside with up to 26% dry matter content.
- Mainly responsible for the bitter taste.
- Supports digestion and has antimicrobial properties.
Health benefits:
Stimulates gastric juice production, strengthens the immune system and can relieve stomach problems.
4. Other valuable ingredients in saffron
In addition to crocin, safranal and picrocrocin, saffron contains over 150 other bioactive compounds:
Ingredient | Effect |
---|---|
Flavonoids | Cell protection through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties |
Vitamins | Contains vitamin C, B6 and folic acid |
Minerals | Provides magnesium, iron and manganese |
Carotenoids | Lutein, zeaxanthin and lycopene with cell-protective effects |
Essential oils | Have a calming effect on the nervous system |
5. Conclusion – Why the chemistry of saffron matters
The unique chemical composition makes saffron a real super spice:
-
Crocin provides the color
-
Safranal for the aroma
- Picrocrocin for taste
Together they offer not only an incomparable taste experience, but also numerous health-promoting effects .
Frequently asked questions about the chemical composition of saffron (FAQ)
The main components of saffron are:
- Crocin (responsible for the color)
- Safranal (responsible for the scent)
- Picrocrocin (responsible for the taste)
These compounds also offer health-promoting properties.
Crocin has a positive effect on health by:
- Protects the brain and cells from stress
- Relieves depressive symptoms
- Promotes mental performance
Safranal has the following effects in the body:
- Stress-relieving
- Neuroprotective
- Antioxidant
Picrocrocin offers several benefits:
- Promotes digestion
- Supports the immune system
- Converts into safranal when dried
Yes, saffron contains other health-promoting substances such as:
- Flavonoids
- Vitamins (C, B6)
- Minerals (Mg, Fe)
You can identify high-quality saffron by the following minimum values according to ISO 3632:
Connection | Minimum value (ISO 3632) | Meaning |
---|---|---|
Crocin | > 20% | Color |
Picrocrocin | > 6% | The taste |
Safranal | > 0.3% | aroma |
Side effects only occur in the event of an overdose (over 5 g per day) and may include:
- nausea
- dizziness
- Allergies
To store saffron properly and maintain its quality, you should:
- Store away from light
- Store in an airtight container
- Store in a cool, dry place
Tip from the saffron expert
When buying saffron online, pay attention to:
- Strong red color
- Intense aroma when opened
- Slightly bitter taste
- Indication of origin and laboratory analyses (ISO 3632)
For more information about saffron
How do you recognize real saffron?